About the 1936 Exhibition Collection

The British School at Athens celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1936 with a large public exhibition at Burlington House at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. The exhibition, British Archaeological Discoveries in Greece and Crete 1886-1936, consisted of a special display of Minoan culture related to the discoveries at Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans as well as the excavations of the School including: Phylakopi, Kamares Cave, Palaikastro, Mycenae, Sparta, Perachora, Thessaly, Macedonia, Lesbos, Cyprus, Ithaca, and Megalopolis (Arcadia). It also included displays of Travels and Studies in Greece and Asia Minor, the Genose in the Levant, Monasteries in Athos, Byzantine Music, Byzantine Architecture and Decorative Arts, Greek Island Embroideries, Special Studies of Greek Pottery and Sculpture, Restoration of Ancient Monuments, Studies of Modern Greek Life and the School buildings and officers.
Since original ancient artifacts could not be transported to the exhibition in London, the displays consisted of replicas of ancient artifacts, modern ethnographic artifacts and illustrative panels with original watercolour drawings, many of which were done by Émile Gilliéron and Piet de Jong, and photographs.
The 1936 Exhibition Collection contains the surviving panels with original artwork from this exhibition.
Card base with eight images of pottery/fragments: one black and white photograph, two watercolour illustrations, and five black and white ink illustrations. The number 1 is pasted in the bottom left corner, and each image is labelled with pasted letters a-h. A darker line divides the top two images from the lower six. A blank rectangle with cut-off corners is pasted to the right of the letter f. To the right of image b (1936/01/01/01/02) is a later annotation in biro giving a bibliographic reference. The original description in the catalogue reads: "a-b Geometric ornament on Early Cycladic Jars containing burials of children; found within the houses: compare Case A 30-35. c-h Polychrome designs on vases of 'Kamáres' style (Middle Minoan: cf. 51, 52) imported from Crete to Melos about 1800 B.C.: white enhanced with other colours, on black slip: the enlarged design (13) is from vase (g): compare original fragments, Case A 67."
Card base with eight images of pottery/fragments: four watercolour illustrations, two black and white ink illustrations, and two black and white photographs. The number 6 is pasted in the bottom left corner, and each image is labelled in pencil a-h. To the right of images b, c, d, and e (1936/01/01/02/02-05), and under image h (1936/01/01/02/08) are later annotations in biro giving bibliographic references. A faint line is visible dividing the paper in half vertically. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Naturalistic designs, mostly floral, on Middle Cycladic pottery, dated by the Polychrome imports (1c-h) above: black, enhanced with red, on buff: compare Case A 36-38. Note the frequent crocus and grasses; the daisy-bowl; the geese among marsh-plants (7e) and flowers (7f); the flying swallow; and the varied uses of spiral ornament."
Card base with nine images of pottery/fragments: four watercolour illustrations, two black and white ink illustrations, and three black and white photographs. The number 7 is pasted in the bottom left corner, and each image is labelled with pasted letters a-i. A darker line divides the top six images from the lower three. Underneath images b and d (1936/01/01/03/02 & 05) and to the right of images e and f (1936/01/01/02/04 & 06) are later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Conventional designs on vases of Late Minoan I and II styles a-d are native imitations in local clay: g-i, genuine L.M. II vases imported from Crete or the Mycenaean Mainland of Greece. e, f belong to the naturalistic group (6) above. These derivations of the naturalistic designs (6, above) supersede the local Cycladic style about 1500 B.C., and are characteristic of the early part of the Third Settlement of Phylakopi."
Card base with six black and white photographs. The number 8 is pasted in the lower and upper left corners, and three of the images are labelled with the pasted letters a-c. Beneath 1936/01/01/04/01, 02, and 04, and to the right of 1936/01/01/04/03 are later annotations in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "8a Fisherman, naively portrayed in black and red on buff; one of a procession: contrast the vigorous naturalism of his two fishes and great eye, with the childish rendering of head and limbs. 8b Bronze statuette, recalling the earlier marble figures in Early Cycladic graves, but influenced by Cretan bronzes, and perhaps imported. 8c Impressions of basketry, on which potters set out clay vessels to dry; a glimpse of another domestic art, otherwise vanished. Other pots were set out on leaves of trees which can be recognised; compare original examples Case A 5, 24."
Card base with two black and white photographs. The number 9 is pasted in the lower (partly torn) and upper left corners, and the images are labelled with the pasted letters a-b. The original description in the catalogue reads: "9a The fortress wall of The Third Settlement, reconstructed on the remains of the First Wall. 9b [Roman mosaic in a house of the classical city of Melos.]"
Card base with one black and white photograph. The number 10 is pasted in the lower and upper left corners. The original description in the catalogue reads: "View of the prehistoric settlement, after excavation, above the beach on the left."
Card base with two black and white photographs. The number 11 is pasted in the lower and upper left corners, and the letters a and b below the images. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Flocks returning at evening (a) to the modern village, as they returned in Early Cycladic times. Clay oxen and pigs, and bones of domestic animals, fish, triton-shells and limpets were found in the early houses. b. The bathing cove below the prehistoric site; part of the primitive harbour."
A repeating pattern in black, white, and red. Framed. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Decorative designs based on Middle Cycladic pot-paintings like (2-6), much enlarged."
A repeating pattern in black, white, and red. Framed. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Decorative designs based on Middle Cycladic pot-paintings like (2-6), much enlarged."
Semicircle showing a repeating pattern in shades of grey. Framed. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Decorative designs based on Middle Cycladic pot-paintings like (2-6), much enlarged."
A repeating pattern with swirls and flowers, in red, white, yellow, and shades of blue. Framed. The original description in the catalogue reads: "17-18 Wall paintings from houses of Middle Cycladic date: These are not strictly fresco, but were painted on thin limewash, sometimes obliterating earlier decorations. A jar from settlement contained the crimson pigment, a mixed silicate and oxide of iron; other colours are blue, yellow, white, and a faded red, with black for outlines. The designs are in Cretan style: but compare the naturalistic decoration of the pottery (2-6, 8a above). 17 Design of Spiral and Rosettes, reconstructed by T. D. Atkinson: compare spiral fresco designs from Knossos in the Minoan Room"
Illustration of fragments of wall painting showing flying fish, in blue and yellow. Framed. The original description in the catalogue reads: "17-18 Wall paintings from houses of Middle Cycladic date: These are not strictly fresco, but were painted on thin limewash, sometimes obliterating earlier decorations. A jar from settlement contained the crimson pigment, a mixed silicate and oxide of iron; other colours are blue, yellow, white, and a faded red, with black for outlines. The designs are in Cretan style: but compare the naturalistic decoration of the pottery (2-6, 8a above). 18 Fresco-Painting of Flying Fish among rocks, seaweed and shells: a portion only of a large composition represented by many fragments: a masterpiece of Minoan naturalism."
Card base with six watercolour illustrations of pottery. The number 71 is pasted in the bottom left corner. Beside each image is a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Middle Minoan pottery, simple ornament, black on buff."
Card base with seven watercolour illustrations of pottery. The number 72 is pasted in the bottom left corner of the bottom left hand image (1936/01/02/02/05), with a faint handwritten "72" in a circle to the left of the image. Letters a-g are written lightly in pencil near the top left corner of each image. Beside each image is a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Middle Minoan polychrome ware."
Card base with a black and white photograph of a landscape. The number 73 is pasted in the bottom left corner, and smaller in the centre of the top edge. There is a reinforced hole in each corner. Below the image is an annotation in biro giving a bibliographic reference. The original description in the catalogue reads: "View from the cave, over the Messara Plain."
Card base with a black and white photograph. The number 74 is pasted in the bottom left corner, and smaller towards the left of the top edge. Below the image is an annotation in biro giving a bibliographic reference. The original description in the catalogue reads: "The Kamáres cave, from the entrance."
Card base with a black and white photograph. The number 75 is pasted in the bottom left corner, and smaller towards the left of the top edge. "KAMARES CAVE CAMP 1923"is written in the lower right corner. A 2.5 x 16 cm strip is taped below the lower left corner, on which is written "Kamares camp." The original description in the catalogue reads: "The Kamáres cave, Excavators' Camp."
An ink plan of Palaikastro at a 1:500 scale, on a grid marked D-N across and 3-8 down. The exhibit number 80 and labels "Palaikastro Sitia-Crete-" and for blocks Ξ, Π, Χ, Β, Γ, Δ, and Μ have been pasted in a way that leaves the letters and numbers painted on the map upside down. There is also a compass drawn marking N and S: plain paper has been pasted over where E and W would be. There are 10 holes around the edges, of which 7 are still reinforced. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Plan of Palaikastro: the site called Roussolakkos ('the Red Hollow'), on which was in Hellenic times the Temple of Dictaean Zeus."
An ink plan of Palaikastro at a 1:400 scale with the blocks Ξ, Π, Β, and Δ painted in pink. The number 81 is pasted in the lower left corner. There is a reinforced hole in each corner. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Key-plan of the Minoan town, showing blocks of houses (insulæ) separated by street, as at Gourniá in Mirabello. These insulæ were for convenience given the letters of the Greek alphabet."
An ink plan of Palaikastro blocks Π and Ξ at a 1:100 scale. The walls are painted in different colours corresponding to their age, with a key in the top left corner. The number 82 is pasted in the lower left corner. There is a reinforced hole in each corner and the centre of each side. In the lower right corner is painted "Heaton Comyn July 1904." The original description in the catalogue reads: "Plans of Insulae Ξ, Π."
An ink plan of Palaikastro house Β. The walls are painted in different colours, with a key to the lower left of the image. The number 83 is pasted in the lower left corner. There is a reinforced hole in each corner and the centre of each side. In the lower right corner is signed "Heaton Comyn Mews. el Del. [?] 1902." Below the images is a later annotation in biro giving a bibliographic reference. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Plan of Insula B."
An ink plan of Palaikastro Block Δ at a 1:100 scale, with the surviving buildings, pacing, courtyards and streets painted in different colours, with a key in the top right corner. The number 85 is pasted in the lower left corner. There is a reinforced hole in each corner and the centre of each side. In the lower right corner is painted "Heaton Comyn July 1904." The original description in the catalogue reads: "Plans of Insula Δ, to distinguish the earlier and the later buildings; in general terms these are Middle and Late Minoan."
An ink plan of Palaikastro Block Δ at a 1:100 scale, with the surviving buildings, pacing, courtyards and streets painted in different colours, with a key in the top right corner. The number 85 is pasted in the lower left corner. In the lower right corner is painted "Heaton Comyn July 1904." The original description in the catalogue reads: "Plans of Insula Δ, to distinguish the earlier and the later buildings; in general terms these are Middle and Late Minoan."
A fragment of the original base which held a black and white photograph. The number 86 is pasted in the lower left corner. Above is written in pencil "from (PK photo) reproduction".
Card base with one black and white photograph. The number 87 is pasted in the lower left corner, and again smaller in the top left corner.
Card base with one black and white photograph. The number 88 is pasted in the lower left corner, and again smaller in the top left corner.
Card base with fourteen images attached. The number 89 is pasted in the lower left corner. Each image (with the exception of 1936/01/03/10/03, which seems to have been viewed as a single object with 1936/01/03/10/04), has a pasted letter from a-m. Each object has a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Middle Minoan Pottery: Most of these vases came from the ossuaries, but a good many, with numerous fragments, from the earlier deposits in the town itself. a. Spouted jug with a fish in white paint: M.M. Ia. b. Polychrome cup which, in spite of is decoration, should probably be referred to the mature stage of the earlier M.M. Ia class. c, d, e, f, g, h, i. Middle Minoan I vases. h The small jar with a pattern of sprays, alternately red and white, on a black ground, shows a manner of decoration common at Palaikastro. This alternation of red and white, Evans regards as 'a very characteristic feature of the mature early M.M. Ia phase of this period.' This jar, (h) together with with (a) and (b), are to be regarded as the earliest of the vases shown. j, k, l, m. Middle Minoan cups: (l) has a bird fully modelled perched inside the cup; (k) has some such figure, now broken away."
Card base with six illustrations of pottery attached with pasted labels a-f. Images a and c are pasted partly over the plain background of image b. The number 90 is pasted in the lower left corner. Each object has a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Middle Minoan Pottery: a and c. The inside (a) and outside (c) of a bowl, to be classed with the dove cup (89 l). It is, however, much more elaborate. Inside the bowl is a whole flock of sheep, or perhaps oxen, followed by the shepherd. There are now 160 animals; originally there were perhaps a few more. The pattern on the outside of the bowl, with its appearance of weaving, is perhaps intended to represent the fence of the sheepfold, made, as now in Crete, by weaving bundles of brushwood into a fixed framework of hurdles. b. Polychrome vase of the kind generally called a "fruit-stand" : M.M. I. d. Eggshell-ware cup; black ground with a pattern of white lines and dots: M.M. IIa. f. Polychrome cup: M.M. II. e. Bucket-shaped vase; the finest of the few M.M. III finds at Palaikastro. The ground is deep red, and the pattern, of flowers and bulls' heads, is carried out in white paint. The walls of the vase are pierced with holes and round these holes the flowers cluster in a way that suggests that the prototype of these vases was some sort of ritual pot or flower basket with flowers showing through holes in the sides as well as at the opening."
Card base with six illustrations of pottery and sherds, labelled with pasted letters a-f. The number 91 is pasted in the lower left corner partly over the image labelled c (1936/01/03/12/03). Each object has a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Late Minoan I pottery: a, b. Vases in naturalistic floral style, developed already in Middle Minoan III, and therefore Late Minoan Ia. c, f. Rhyton and goblet: Late Minoan I style, with the added red colour characteristic of this stage. d, e. Small cups: Late Minoan III."
Card base with four illustration of vases attached, labelled with the pasted letters a-d. The number 92 is written in pencil in the lower left corner. To the top left corner is taped a separate piece of paper on which is written "Palaikastro LM I b". Each object has a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Filler-vases from a hoard of seventeen rhyta found together in an L.M. II deposit: The marine decoration of (d) is characteristic of L.M. Ib."
Card base with three illustrations of vases attached, labelled with the pasted letters e-g. The number 92 is pasted in the centre of the lower edge. Each object has a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. Some tape is visible at the top of the right edge. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Filler-vases from a hoard of seventeen rhyta found together in an L.M. II deposit: The marine decoration of (d) is characteristic of L.M. Ib"
A thick card base with an attached illustration. The number 93 is pasted in the centre of the top edge. There is a reinforced hole in each corner. In the lower right hand corner is a later annotation in biro giving a bibliographic reference. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Flask with design of octopus, rockwork and seaweed; a fine example of L.M. Ib marine style."
Card base with six illustrations of vases attached. The number 94 is pasted in the lower left corner, on top of image 1936/01/03/16/04. Each object has a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The letter f is written above the top left corner of 1936/01/0316/06. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Late Minoan II pottery of fully-developed style; i.e., late in the Palaikastro L.M. I-II series."
Card base with four illustrations of pottery attached, labelled with pasted letter a-d. The number 95 is pasted in the lower left corner. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Late Minoan III pottery: b, d. strainers, of styler intermediate between L.M. II and L.M. III. Several of these strainers were found with the L.M. III larnax burials."
Card base with five illustrations of pots attached, labelled with the pasted letters a-e. The number 96 is pasted in the lower left corner, on top of image 1936/01/03/18/03. Images 1936/01/03/18/01, 03, 04, and 05 have a later annotations beside them in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "a, b. Spherical flasks. c, d, e. Pyxis with lid and two other vases: all from the larnax cemetery at the site Aspra near the sea."
Card base with three illustrations and three photographs attached, labelled with pasted letters a-f. the number 97 is pasted in the lower left corner. Images a and f (1936/01/03/19/01, 06) have later annotations in biro beside them giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Inscribed libation table, found in a cave on the lower slopes of Petsofà, south of the Palaikastro plain. a. Drawing of the reconstructed Table, seen from above. b. Photograph of the inscribed fragments before reconstruction. c. Perspective drawing of the reconstructed Table. d. Photograph of the reconstructed Table. e, f. Inscribed tablet: photograph and drawing of the only one found in the town of Palaikastro. The signs are Minoan, of the Linear Class A: compare the exhibit of Cretan scripts in the North (Minoan) room of this exhibition."
Card base with eleven illustrations attached, the top four labelled with a pasted a, and the rest with pasted b-h. The number 98 is pasted in the lower left corner. Two of the items labelled a (1936/01/03/20/01, 03) and each of the rest of the items have later annotation in biro beside them, giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "a. figures of baby boys these may be Egyptian and certainly show Egyptian influence: the standing type and the markedly dolicocephalic heads approach some Middle-Kingdom prototypes: (Evans, P.M. III, 446). b. Plaque with scattered lilies in intaglio. c. Plaque with double axe, tassels and wreath, carved in relief. Evans (P.M. I, 433, n.) says that the plaque probably of M.M. IIIb date has been cut down and re-used in L.M. I. d. Plaque with bird perching on rocks, a part of some larger object. f. The back of a comb, with a design of wreathed lizards or dragons. e and g. Probably pieces for inlaying. h. Carved ends of what may have been a sceptre."
Card base with six illustrations attached, labelled with the pasted letters a-f, but not in alphabetical order. Letters c, f, and d have been drawn around in biro. The number 99 is pasted in the top left corner. Each of the items, except for 1936/01/03/21/02 (e), have later annotation in biro beside them, giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "a, b. Painted Larnax (clay coffin) found in the bank of the Palaikastro River: the style suggests an early date in Late Minoan III. c, d. Figurine, from the Town: two views. e. Reconstruction of a female figure from the Middle Minoan shrine of Petsofà: note the characteristic bodice and skirt, and fantastic head-dress. No complete female figure of this type was recovered; and this drawing was made by R.M. Dawkins by combining information furnished by a number of broken fragments. f. Male figure from the same deposit at Petsofà: originals in Case A."
Card base with twelve attached illustrations, labelled with pasted letters g-m: on the left are three together labelled g, with one image labelled h below; in the centre are two images labelled l and m; and on the right are three pairs of images labelled i, j, and k. The number 99 is pasted in the top left corner. Each illustration/group of illustrations has beside a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references, except for l (1936/01/03/22/04). The original description in the catalogue reads: "Bronze figurines. g. Male statuette of Late Minoan date, with long hair: three views of the same. h. Pin, with a dog forming the head: brought to the excavators by a workman. i, j, k. Statuettes of women. Compare the clay figure 99d. Stone objects from Palaikastro: l. Tall lampstand of stone (c): these tall lamps and stands are of the form common in L.M. III. m. Steatite bowl of L.M. II date, from a hoard of thirty-six vessels found together in one of the houses."
Card base with one illustration attached. The number 100 is painted in the lower left corner, the letter a is pasted in the lower centre. Framed. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Bronze shield from the temple of Dictaean Zeus. This (a) is the only well-preserved example."
Card base with illustrations attached. The letter b is pasted in the centre of the lower edge. The number 001 is written in the top left corner (100 upside down). The original description in the catalogue reads: "Besides the large shield, three others were found, more or less fragmentary, decorated with narrow zones of animals between bands of guilloche ornament."
Card base with eight illustration of terracottas attached; five in an upper row with the pasted letter e at either end, and three in a lower row with the letter f pasted at either end. The pasted letters on the left hand have an x drawn over them in pencil, those on the right have two horizontal lines. the number 10 is pasted in the lower left hand corner, with part torn off: a line is drawn in pencil around where the edges of the label used to be. The number 4 in pencil has been erased from the space where the label used to be, and written underneath. The illustrations are labelled in pencil a-h, written above the top row and beneath the lower row. Each image has a later annotation in biro beside it, giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Terracotta figures of women (e) and oxen (f); from tombs 504, 513, 524. L.H. III (1400-1100 B.C.)."
Three panels with illustrations of bronze items. Two of the panels have part of an original exhibition card base remaining, as well as the pasted labels h (1936/01/04/04/01) and g (1936/01/04/04/03). These two panels also have later annotations in biro giving bibliographic references. In the left hand corner of the panel labelled h is the pasted number 104, which has a cut between the 0 and the 4. The original description in the catalogue reads: "h. Bronze dagger and knives, with wooden and ivory handles and bronze tweezers, from Tombs 518 and 529, L.H. II, (1500-1400 B.C.). g. Bronze spearhead from the Citadel, M.H. to L.H. (c. 1600 B.C.)."
Card base with seven illustrations of pots attached. The number 106 is painted in the lower left corner. The images are labelled a-g in pencil, except for f (1936/01/04/06/06), for which the number is pasted on. A section containing items 1936/01/04/06/03 and 04 (c and d) was previously cut out, and has been taped back in; these two images each have next to them a circled x with an arrow pointing to the image. Each of the images except those on the cut out panel have later annotations in biro beside them. giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Late Helladic I and II. From Kalkani Cemetery, Tombs 516 and 518, with characteristic designs of Late Helladic I (1600-1500 B.C.) except (f), which is Late Helladic II (1500-1400 B.C.)."
Card base with eight illustrations of pots attached. The number 109 is painted in the lower left corner. Beside or below each image is written in pencil the letters a-g. Beside each image except d and h (1936/01/04/09/04,08) are later annotations in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Late Helladic I and II. From Kalkani Cemetery (515, 518, 529, 532); L.H. II (1500-1400 B.C.)."
Card base with 7 illustrations of pots attached. The number 110 painted in the lower left corner. The lower six images (1936/01/04/10/02-07) are labelled in pencil a-d, and each have a later annotation in biro giving bibliographic references. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Late Helladic I and II. From "Tomb of Aegisthus" and Kalkani Cemetery (518, 529): Late Helladic II (1500-1400 B.C.). "
Card base with a watercolour illustration of a frieze attached. The number 112 is pasted in the lower left corner. '99b' is faintly written in blue pencil in the lower right corner. '25%' is written in pencil on the lower edge. Some other writing in pencil is faintly visible below the image. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Frieze of warriors and horses, found by Tsountas in the Megaron; beginning of L.H. III (1400-1300 B.C.): reconstructed drawing."
Card base with a watercolour illustration of a frieze attached. The number 113 is pasted in the lower left corner. '99a' is faintly written in blue pencil in the lower right corner. '25%' is written in pencil on the lower edge. Some other writing in pencil is visible below the image: " [??] with 112", "Reduce to 1/4 linear", "turn", and an "a" in a circle. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Spiral and lotus design, found by Tsountas near the Western portal, possibly L.H. II (1500-1400 B.C.): reconstructed drawing."
Card base with five images of frescoes attached. The number 115 is pasted in the lower left corner. Three of the images (1936/01/04/15/01-03) are labelled with a pasted 'a', and the following two with 'b' and 'c'. A later annotation in biro with arrows pointing the the images labelled a gives a bibliographic reference. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Painted stucco from the hearth in the palace Megaron: and other fragments: all L.H. III (1400-1100 B.C.). a. Wave patterns: hearth, first, second, fifth, sixth layers. b. Step of painted stucco found near the Western Portal. c. Chariot, reconstructed from fragments of stucco, probably found in the Megaron."
Base with illustration attached. The number 118 is pasted in the lower left corner. The number 30 in a circle is written in blue pencil at the bottom of the right edge. '60 2/3 %' has been written in pencil and erased towards the right of the lower edge. Holes in each corner and in the centre of the long (top and bottom) edges have been reinforced with metal. The original description in the catalogue reads: "Restored-drawing of the north-western angle of the Court of the Palace. L.H. III (1400-1100 B.C.). "